Everything you need to know about Cervical Cancer

What is Cervical Cancer? 

Cervical Cancer remains one of the most common cancers in Zimbabwe and ranks number 1 cancer in women in Zimbabwe. 

What causes Cervical Cancer?

It is caused by a virus know as Human Papilloma Virus. Most commonly being the persistent of the virus on the cervix. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a complex virus with over 100 strains, each with its unique characteristics and effects on the body. In this blog post, we'll explore the different strains of HPV, their impact on health, and the importance of awareness and prevention.

Low-Risk HPV Strains: HPV 6 and 11

HPV 6 and 11 are two of the most common low-risk strains, responsible for approximately 90% of genital warts cases. Genital warts are usually harmless but can be uncomfortable and itchy. They can appear as cauliflower-like growths or small bumps on the vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, scrotum, or anus.

High-Risk HPV Strains: HPV 16, 18, 31, and 33

On the other hand, high-risk HPV strains can cause cancer. HPV 16 and 18 are the most common high-risk strains, responsible for about 70% of invasive cervical cancer cases. They can also cause other cancers, such as:

Cervical cancer: HPV 16 and 18 are the most common causes of cervical cancer.

Other gynecological cancers: HPV 16 and 18 can also cause vaginal, vulvar, and anal cancers.

Oropharyngeal cancer: HPV 16 is a common cause of oropharyngeal cancer.

Other high-risk strains, such as HPV 31 and 33, can also cause cancer. These strains can lead to abnormal cell changes, which can progress to cancer if left untreated.

Who is at risk of having Cervical Cancer? 

Many people can have HPV despite their sexual activity but for it to cause cancer the virus will have been present for a long time usually more than 2 years. 

For it to be present and persistent we are mostly looking at:

1. Medical issues such as individuals with an immunocompromised state such as people fighting another cancer or on chemotherapy, individuals living with HIV or Diabetes

2.Having multiple sexual partners

3. Having a partner with multiple sexual partners 

4. Having Sexual Transmitted Infections particularly Herpes 

5. Behavioral issues such as smoking

How often should l get screened for Cervical Cancer? 

1. Any woman in an Immunocompromised state such as living with HIV, Diabetes Mellitus or having another cancer should be screened yearly starting from the age of 21 despite absence of sexual contact 

2. Any woman above 25 years without immunocompromise should be screened after : 

a) 3 years if Pap smear or VIAC is used to screen 

b)5 years if Pap Smear + HPV DNA is used to screen 

Why is it important to know about Cervical Cancer? 

While most HPV infections clear up on their own, it's essential to take steps to prevent infection and reduce the risk of cancer. Here are some ways to do so:

Get vaccinated: HPV vaccination can prevent infection and reduce the risk of cancer.

Practice safe sex:Using condoms and practicing safe sex can reduce the risk of HPV transmission.

Get regular screenings: Regular screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV tests, can help detect abnormal cell changes and prevent cancer.

The Importance of Vaccination in Zimbabwe

In Zimbabwe, HPV vaccination is available and recommended for individuals aged 9-14 years. The vaccine can help prevent infection and reduce the risk of cancer. By getting vaccinated, individuals can protect themselves against the most common high-risk HPV strains.

What are the options available in Zimbabwe? 

In Zimbabwe, the following HPV vaccines are available:

Gardasil: This vaccine protects against HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18.

Cervarix: This vaccine protects against HPV 16 and 18.

Should l be screened even after l get vaccinated? 

It is important to have routine screening even after vaccination. Vaccination reduces chances of persistent HPV ,but it also works if safe sex and behaviors are practiced. 

My message to you is that understanding the different strains of HPV and their impact on health is crucial for prevention and awareness. By knowing the risks and taking steps to prevent infection, we can reduce the burden of HPV-related diseases and promote overall health and well-being. In Zimbabwe, HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening are essential tools in the fight against cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. Let's prioritize vaccination, awareness, and screening to protect our health and future.